COLIN PAUL
SPEARS,
MD
CEO and Founder, Fibonacci Phyllotaxis Inc. (dba Fibons)
Professor Emeritus, California Northstate
University College of Medicine
Personal Information
Work Address |
FPI dba Fibons 3415
American River Dr., Ste. C Sacramento
CA 95864-5741 |
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Telephone |
(916)
482-4717 home/eve (916)
502-0816 cell/text (916)
692-8480 office |
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Fax |
(916)
482-4710 |
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Email |
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Citizenship |
USA |
Education
College |
Queens College,
City University of
New York,
Queens,
N.Y.,
B.A., Chemistry-Biology 1966,
cum laude |
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Medical
School |
Downstate Campus,
State University of
New York, Brooklyn, N.Y., M.D.,
1970, cum laude |
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Internship |
U.S. Public Health Service Hospital,
San Francisco, California, 1970-1971,
Straight Medicine |
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Associateship |
U.S. Public Health Service Hospital,
San Francisco, California, 1971-1973, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Research Associate in Cardiology |
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Residency |
LAC/USC-MC,
Los Angeles, California, 1973-1974,
Internal Medicine |
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Fellowships |
LAC/USC-MC,
Los Angeles, California,
1974-1977, Medical Oncology USC Comprehensive Cancer
Center, Los Angeles,
California,
1977-1983, Research Scholar (Advisor: Prof.
Charles Heidelberger) Hematology,
The Hospital
of the Good Samaritan,
Los Angeles, 1983-1984 |
Honors and Distinction
National
Cancer Institute, NIH |
Cancer
Research Training Grant Award,
1974 |
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National
Cancer Institute, NIH |
Cancer
Clinical Training Grant
Award, 1975 |
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Meetings Best Abstracts |
American Association for Cancer
Research, 1979; American Society of Clinical
Oncology, 1986
and 1989 Co-author, 1st Place Award,
The Genetic Revolution,
San Diego, 1994 |
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Member |
International Who’s Who of Professionals Distinguished
Leadership Award, International Directory of Distinguished Leadership,
1998 |
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Teaching Awards |
Consultant of the Year, Family Practice Residency Program,
Mercy General Hospital,
Sacramento, CA, 2003, 2008
and 2009 |
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Invited Lectures |
Management of Breast
Cancer in the U.S., Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University
Göteborg,
Sweden, 1992 Discussant, Clinical Pharmacology
Section, American Society of Clinical
Oncology, 1993 Keynote Speaker, Nordic Clinical
Pharmacology Group,
Göteborg,
Sweden, 1995 Moderator
and Speaker: Trimetrexate/5-FU: Review of Preclinical Rationale and Pharmacodynamics, U.S.
BioScience Symposium,
St. Petersberg, Fl.,
8/1998 |
Achievements
Cancer
Drug Development |
Pharmacodynamic studies of
thymidylate synthase
(TS) inhibition in vivo
1979 and in clinical tumor
biopsies, 1982 using fluorouracil, firsts
for any cancer drug Invention of CoFactor, for
improvement of 5-FU therapy, USC, 1982, Patents in 1990s, PI role in
Phase IIB trial including at Sierra Hematology & Oncology and Mercy
General Hospital in 2003, leading to phase III trials (currently under Isofol
with Merck) First Investigator for
national trial of breast cancer treatment
vaccine, 1994, USC-Norris Cancer Center Addition of folate to Alimta (pemetrexed), a TS inhibitor, with successful Registration Trial in NSCLC, Eli Lilly 1999 |
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Chemistry |
Methods for Swain-Scott-Spears Nucleophilic Selectivity
(S3NS) of aliphatic alkylating agents using
green protic chemistry and physiological conditions (1980-present) Invention of selenium and selenone alkylating agents using physical
organic chemical kinetics, 1990’s Demonstration in 2018 that bendamustine is a classical alkylating agent, leading to FDA relabeling Studies of evofosfamide
S3NS kinetics under hypoxic
conditions, explaining its failure in the
clinic Studies of ethylphenyglycidate
(Strawberry Aldehyde 2) by S3NS showing potential
mutagenicity risk |
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Mathematics |
Generalized Fibonacci
Number, Definition of, cited in MathWorld.com (Mathematica; and the Encyclopedia of
Mathematics,
CRC Publishing, 2003-present) Mathematics of
volume doubling relationships,
1979, 1984, and the 1-2-3-4 of Volume
and Area Doubling Rulers, 2021 Erdős Number 3 Fibonacci biology, sequential slide video-microscopy (SSVM) for phyllotaxic patterns in Cotula sericea, 2017 |
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Licensure
California Physician and Surgeon License G23022 since 1970
DEA
AS5295301
NPI 1023084720
Board Certification
ABIM Member Number 52779
Medicine, American Board of Internal Medicine, 1982 (Lifetime Certification)
Medical
Oncology, ABIM, 1985 (Lifetime Certification)
Professional
Appointment
Research Scholar:
University of Southern Cancer
Center, Los Angeles, 1977
- 1982
Assist Prof of
Res
Med: USC School of Medicine,
1982 - 1983
Clin Assist Prof
of Med: USC School of Medicine, 1985 - 1986
Assoc Prof Medicine:
Medical Oncology,
USC School of Medicine, 1986
- 1997
Prof Clin Medicine:
Medical Oncology, USC
School of Medicine, 1997 - 1999
Active Staff,
Medical Oncology & Hematology, Huntington Memorial
Hospital, Pasadena, California, 1997 -
1999
Member, Huntington Medical
Research Institute, Pasadena,
California,
1996 -1999
Research Scholar,
USC Department of Chemistry, Prof.
Charles McKenna,Los Angeles,
CA,
1998 - 2001
Senior Clinical Research Physician,
Oncology Products, Eli
Lilly &
Company, Lilly Corporate Center,
Indianapolis, Indiana.
01/04/1999 -
08/04/1999
Attending Physician,
Woodland Clinic,
Woodland,
CA, 03/2001 - 12/2001
Attending Physician, Sacramento Center
for Hematology & Medical
Oncology,
2800 L Street, Sutter
Cancer
Center,
Sacramento, CA,
12/1999 - 3/2001
Attending Physician, Sierra Hematology & Oncology,
Suite 360, 3939
J Street, Sacramento, CA 95819, 03/26/2001 - present
Partner,
Sierra Hematology & Oncology Medical Centers,
2001 – 2017 Retirement
Chairman,
Cancer Committee,
Mercy General Hospital, Community Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, 2008
- 2016
Chairman,
Weekly Tumor Conference, Mercy General
Hospital, Sacramento, 2008 -
2014
Member,
Institutional
Review
Board, Catholic HealthCare West, Sacramento Region 2001
– 2017.
·
Clinical Professor, California Northstate
University, College of Medicine 2013 - 2020
Graduate & Post-Graduate Teaching
Graduate & Post-Graduate Teaching USC, 1985-1997
1.
Sang-Ihn Kang,
Ph.D.,
1985-9. Synthetic chemist.
Won
a National Academy of Sciences National Research Council Fellowship to work with Dr.
Kurt Kohn at
the
National Cancer Institute’s Laboratory of
Molecular
Pharmacology.
2. Jashovam Shani, Ph.D., 1984-5.
UICC
Eleanor Roosevelt Fellow.
Appointed Director
of the Food and
Drug Administration of Israel in 1989.
3. Nitya G. Kundu,
Ph.D., Summer, 1988. UICC Traveling Fellowship,
from
his
post as Professor
of
Chemistry, Indian Association for
the
Cultivation of
Science,
Calcutta,
India.
4. Andrea H.
Hayes, Summer, 1987.
Junior, pre-med student.
USC research done before entry into
Dartmouth Medical School.
5. Shawn Granger, Summer 1988. West Point graduate,
USC School of Medicine.
6. Ph.D.
Guidance Committee, Dean of
Graduate Studies Representative,
Paresh Sanghani, 1996; Elaine
Chen, 1992 (USC School of Pharmacy);Jingwen (Jenny) Zheng,
1994; Jeff Wang, 1994.
7. Helena Gustavsson, premedical
student, U. of Göteborg, Sweden, 1992-93.
8. Francisco Bravo H.S. preceptor
and
Science Fair
judge, 1991 -1999.
9. University of
Göteborg M.D./Ph.D.
graduate USC studies preceptor for: Magnus Berne,
M.D., Ph.D.
(1986), Roland Frösing,
M.D., Ph.D.
(1992), Per-Anders Larsson (1994).
CNUCOM, 2014-2019
Wrote inaugural
Hematology Curriculum (with Eva G. Hess MD) fo CNU
COM, 2013
1.
Aye
Khine, 2nd-Yr. Doctoral Candidate, Prolonged Myelosuppression of Bendamustine, and its
Low Nucleophilic Selectivity.
2.
Sylvia
Bowditch, Cristopher Phillips, and Jacob Stoker, 2nd-Yr. Doctoral Candidates
Barriers to Access to Care at Chemotherapy Infusion
Centers, by Patients with Paraplegia.
Military
Service
U.S.
Public Health Service, Lt
(03),
1970-1973
Presidio, Marine Hospital, San Francisco, California
Society Memberships
Memberships Past
and Present
American Medical
Association
Sacramento-El Dorado County Medical Association
Sierra Sacramento Valley Medical Society
Los Angeles County Medical Association
Pasadena Medical Society
California Medical Association
American Association for Cancer
Research
American Society for
Clinical Oncology
Association of
Northern California Oncologists
American Society of Hematology
American Chemical Society
American Society for
Cell
Biology -
ASCB
SPIE-The International Society for
Optical
Engineering
International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
International
Society for
the
Study of Xenobiotics
International
Society for
the
Study of Comparative Oncology
Mathematics Association of America
American Mathematics Society
Fibonacci Association
American Statistical Association
South Bay
Writers Club (California Writers Club)
Consultantships
Biokeys Corporation: Consultant, Los Angeles, CA, 1997-1999
US Bioscience: Investigator Meetings Faculty, 1997-1999
Rhône-Poulenc-Rorer: Speaker, Area Advisory Board,
1997-1999
NCI: Program Project
Reviewer, Division of Cancer
Treatment, 1988
(Memorial
SKCC), 1991 (Roswell
Park), 1993
(Univ. of Michigan), 1994 (Yale Univ.)
NCI, NIH: Phase I-II Cancer
Pharmacokinetics Contracts Review
Committee,
1997
NIH, PHS SBIR and STTR: Reviewer, 1994,
1995
NCI: Extramural
R13
Reviewer, 1991
NCI: Special Emphasis Panel,
Chemopreventive Agent Contracts,
1992
NATO: Referee, Collaborative Research Grants, 1991
SPIE: International
Working Group in Electronic Imaging
Regional Cancer Treatment: Member, Editorial Board
Reviewer: J. Med. Chem., Cancer Res.,
Cancer, J. Biol. Chem.,
J. Natl. Cancer Inst.,
Biochem. Pharmacol., Eur. J.
Oncol.,
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,
Fibonacci Quarterly, Oncology Research,
Gastroenterology, Int. J.
Cancer, Drugs, J. Spinal Cord Med.
Hospital Staff Privileges
CURRENT
Mercy General Hospital, Sacramento, CA
PRIOR
Sacramento, CA: Sutter General Hospital
and Sutter Memorial
Hospital.
Davis, CA: Sutter Davis Hospital, 1999-2001.
Pasadena, CA: Huntington Memorial Hospital and St. Luke Medical Center, 2/97 -
1/99.
Los
Angeles, CA:
The Hospital
of the Good Samaritan, 1984-7, Norris Cancer
Hospital, 1987-1997,
USC University Hospital, 1992-1997.
Locum Tenens
Practice of Mark Farbstein,
Hematology/Medical Oncology,
Pasadena, CA, 11/96
Practice of Lowell Irwin,
M.D. and M. Mercedes Brenneisen,
M.D.,
MedicalOncology/Hematology, Los Angeles and San Gabriel
Valley,
CA, 1990s.
Practice of Mark Turrill, M.D.,
Medical Oncology/Hematology, Lakeport,
CA, 1999.
Practice of Herbert A.
Hartman, Jr., M.D.,
Methodist Cancer
Center, Omaha, NE, 2000.
Research Grants as Principal Investigator
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
R01 CA39629-04,
Biochemistry of 5-Fluorouracil Effects $185,782 Direct costs awarded; 5-01-88 to 4-30-91;
CA39629-06S1, $27,285,
5-1-91 - 11-30-91.
LEDERLE LABORATORIES
Grant #179,000, (l) Leucovorin Addition to Protracted Infusion Fluorouracil,
$92,055; 3-31-92.
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
CA39629-07,
Biochemistry and Pathology of
5-FU/&Folate Therapy,
$356,977 Direct
costs awarded;
7-1-92-6-30-95.
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
CA39629-08S, $15,000 Direct costs awarded;
1/1/94-6/30/94.
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
CA39629-09,
Biochemistry and Pathology of
5-FU/Folate Therapy, $117,000 Direct
costs awarded; 7/1/94-6
/30/95.
THERO2X, INC.
Oxygen supersaturated crystalloids as radiation sensitizers, $10,000,
9/95.
UNIVERSITY OF GÖTEBORG
Pharmacodynamics of
TS
Inhibition, $15,000,
10/1/95.
BRISTOL MYERS-SQUIBB, ONCOLOGY DIVISION
Sequence Dependency of Hydroxyurea and Fluorouracil, $24,000, 7/1/96-2/1/97.
U.S. BIOSCIENCE
Biochemical
Correlates of Neutrexin/5-FU/LV
in
Colorectal Cancer, $25,000,
1997.
RHÔNE-POULENC
RORER/UNIVERSITY OF
GÖTEBORG
Image Cytometry of Thymidylate synthase and Ki-67 in Phase 3 Colorectal
Cancer Patients Randomised to
5-Fluorouracil vs.
Camsar,
$25,000, 1997-8.
USC NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER (NIEHS)
Alkylating Activities and Mutagenicities of Oxygenated Fuel Additives, $15,000,
January, 1997.
Research Grants as Co-Investigator
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
RFA CA93-09,
Phase II Trials of New Anticancer Agents, $237,048 Direct
costs awarded; P.I.: Franco M.
Muggia; 5% effort;
6/10/94-6/9/98.
NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
1-U02 CA62505-01 (RFA CA93-07),
Phase I Contract, Phase I Molecular and
Clinical Pharmacodynamic
Trials;
P.I.:
Franco Muggia;
5% effort;
1994-1998.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, MEDICAL SCIENCES TRAINING PROGRAM
Training of Medical
Scientists in Modern Biology;
P.I.: Richard Bergman; 5% effort;
1994.
Publications
Peer-Reviewed Publications
1. Spears, C.P., Hyatt, K.H., Vogel,
J.M., and Langfitt, S.G. Unified method for serial study of body fluid
compartments.
Aerosp. Med., 45:274-278, 1974.
2. Hyatt, K.H., Johnson, P.C., Hoffler,
G.W., Rambaut, P.C., Rummel, J.A., Hulley, S.B., Vogel, J.M., Huntoon, C., and
Spears, C.P. Effect of potassium depletion in normal males: an Apollo 15
simulation.
Aviat. Space Environ. Med., 46:11-15, 1975.
3. Moran, R.G., Spears, C.P., and
Heidelberger, C. Biochemical determinants of tumor sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil:
ultrasensitive methods for the determination of 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridylate,
2’-deoxyuridylate, and thymidylate synthetase.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 75:1456-1460, 1979.
4. Spears, C.P. Nucleophilic selectivity
ratios of model and clinical alkylating agents by 4-(4’-nitrobenzyl)pyridine product competition.
Mol. Pharmacol., 19:496-504, 1981.
5. Peterson, A.R., Landolph,
J.R., Peterson, H., Spears, C.P., and Heidelberger, C. Oncogenic transformation
and mutation of C3H&10T1&2 CL 8 mouse embryo fibroblasts by alkylating
agents.
Cancer Res., 41:3095-3099, 1981.
6. Spears, C.P., Shahinian, A.H., Moran,
R.G., Heidelberger, C., and Corbett, T.H. In vivo kinetics of thymidylate
synthetase inhibition in 5-fluorouracil-sensitive and resistant murine colon
adenocarcinomas.
Cancer Res., 42:450-456, 1982.
7. Spears, C.P. Thymidylate synthetase
inhibition in Peyton colon adenocarcinoma xenografts following bolus
5-fluorouracil.
Exerpta Med. Int. Congr.
Series 647:12-19, 1984.
8. Spears, C.P. Volume doubling
measurement of spherical and ellipsoidal tumors.
Med. Pediat. Oncol., 12:212-217, 1984.
9. Spears, C.P., Gustavsson, B.G.,
Mitchell, M.S., Spicer, D.V., Berne, M., Bernstein, L., and Danenberg, P.V.
Thymidylate synthetase inhibition in malignant tissues and normal liver of
patients given intravenous 5-fluorouracil.
Cancer Res., 44:4144-4150, 1984.
10. Spears, C.P., Shani, J., Shahinian,
A.H., Wolf, W., Heidelberger, C., and Danenberg, P.V. Assay and time course of
5-fluorouracil incorporation into RNA of L1210&0 ascites cells in vivo.
Mol. Pharmacol., 27:302-307, 1985.
11. Berne, M.H.O., Gustavsson,
B.G., Almersjo, O., Spears, C.P., and Frösing, R. Sequential methotrexate-5-FU: FdUMP formation and TS inhibition in a transplantable rodent
colon adenocarcinoma.
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,
16:237-242, 1986.
12. Berne, M.H.O., Gustavsson, B., Almersjo, O., Spears, C.P., and Waldenstrom, J. Concurrent
allopurinol and 5!fluorouracil:
5-fluoro!2’-deoxyuridylate formation and thymidylate synthase inhibition in rat
colon carcinoma and in regenerating rat liver.
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,
20:193-197, 1987.
13. Kang, S-I., and Spears, C.P. Linear
free energy relationships and cytotoxicities of para!substituted
2-haloethylarylselenides and bis(2-chloroethyl)selenides.
J. Med. Chem., 30:597-602, 1987.
14. Kang, S-I., and Spears, C.P. A facile
synthesis of 2- and 3-hydroxyalkylseleno compounds.
Synthesis, 133-135, 1988.
15. Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G.
Methods for thymidylate synthase pharmacodynamics: Serial Biopsy, free and
total TS, FdUMP and dUMP,
and H4PteGlu and CH2-H4PteGlu assays.
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 244: 97-106, 1988.
16. Gustavsson, B.G., Carlsson, G., Frösing, R., and Spears, C.P. Pharmacodynamics of
fluorouracil and leucovorin.
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 244: 219-224, 1988.
17. Berne, M., Gustavsson, B., Almersjo, O., Spears, C.P., and Sundstrom, E. Inhibition of
thymidylate synthase after administration of doxifluridine
in a transplantable colon carcinoma in the rat.
Cancer Invest., 6:377-384, 1988.
18. Spears, C.P., Gustavsson, B.G., Berne,
M., Frösing, R., and Hayes, A.A. Mechanisms of innate
resistance to thymidylate synthase inhibition after fluorouracil.
Cancer Res., 48:5894-5900, 1988.
19. Peterson, A.R., Peterson, H., Spears,
C.P., Trosko, J.E., and Sevanian,
A. Mutagenic characterization of cholesterol epoxides in Chinese hamster V79
cells.
Mut. Res., 203:355-366, 1988.
20. Spears, C.P., Gustavsson,
B.G., and Frösing, R. Folinic acid modulation of
fluorouracil: kinetics of bolus administration.
Invest. New Drugs, 7:27-36, 1989.
21. Spears, C.P., Hayes, A.H., Danenberg,
P.V., Shahinian, A., Frösing, R., and Gustavsson, B.G. Deoxyuridylate
effects on thymidylate synthase-5-fluorodeoxyuridylate-folate ternary complex
formation.
Biochem. Pharmacol.,
38:2985-2993, 1989.
22. Buzaid, A.C., Alberts, D.S., Einspahr, J.,
Mosley, K., Peng, Y-M., Garewal, H.S., Tutsch, K., and Spears, C.P. Effect of dipyridamole on fluorodeoxyuridine cytotoxicity in vitro and in cancer
patients.
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,
25:124-130, 1989.
23. Kang, S-I., and Spears, C.P.
Structure-activity studies on organoselenium
alkylating agents.
J. Pharm Sci., 79:57-62, 1990.
24. Leichman, C.G., Leichman, L., Spears,
C.P., Rosen, P., Muggia, F.M., Jeffers, S., and Waugh, W. Biological
modification of protracted infusion of 5-fluorouracil with weekly leucovorin. A
dose seeking clinical trial for patients with disseminated gastrointestinal
cancers.
Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,
26:57-61, 1990.
25. Kang, S-I., and Spears, C.P. Phenyl selenones: alkyl transfer by selenium-carbon bond-cleavage.
J. Med. Chem., 33:1544-1547, 1990.
26. Kundu, N.G., Das, B., Spears, C.P.,
Mazumder, A., and Kang, S-I. Synthesis and biological activities of novel
5-(2-acylethynyl)uracils.
J. Med. Chem., 33:1975-1979, 1990.
27. Carlsson, G., Gustavsson, B.G.,
Spears, C.P., and Hofström, L-O. 5-Fluorouracil plus
leucovorin as adjuvant therapy of an experimental liver tumor in rats.
Anticancer Res., 10:813-816, 1990.
28. Carlsson, G., Gustavsson,
B.G., Glimelius, B., Graf, W., Påhlman, L., and
Spears, C.P. Sequential 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with advanced
symptomatic colorectal cancer.
Eur. J. Cancer, 26:874-876, 1990.
29. Horikoshi, T., Danenberg, K.D.,
Stadlbauer, T.H.W., Volkenandt, M., Shea, L.C.C.,
Aigner, K., Gustavsson, B.G., Leichman, L., Frösing,
R., Ray, M., Gibson, N.W., Spears, C.P., and Danenberg, P.V. Quantitation of
thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase, and DT!diaphorase gene expression in
human tumors using the polymerase chain reaction.
Cancer Res., 52:108-116, 1992.
30. Leichman, L., Silberman, H., Leichman,
C.G., Spears, C.P., et al. Preoperative systemic chemotherapy followed by
adjuvant postoperative intraperitoneal therapy for gastric cancer: a University
of Southern California pilot program.
J. Clin. Oncol., 10:1933-1942, 1992.
31. Leichman, C.G., Leichman, L., Spears,
C.P., Rosen, P.J., Jeffers, S., and Groshen, S.
Prolonged continuous infusion of fluorouracil with weekly bolus leucovorin: a
phase II study in patients with disseminated colorectal cancer.
J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 85:41-44, 1993.
32. Hoier, H., Carrell, H.L., Glusker, J.P., and Spears, C.P. Structure of ethyl phenylselenone.
Acta Crystallogr.,
49:520-523, 1993.
33. Kundu, N.G., Dasgupta,
S.K., Chadhuri, L.N., Mahanty,
J.S., Spears, C.P., and Shahinian, A.H. Synthesis and biological activities of
5-(2-acylvinyl) uracils.
Eur. J. Med. Chem., 28:473-479, 1993.
34. Carlsson, G., Hofström,
L-O., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G. Sequential 5-fluorouracil and
leucovorin. An experimental study in rats with hepatic metastasis of a rat
colon carcinoma: clinical relevance for scheduling.
Reg. Cancer Treat., 3:140-143, 1993.
35. Muggia, F.M., Tulpule, A., Retzios, A., Chen, F., Jeffers, S., Leichman, C.G.,
Leichman, L., Spears, C.P., and Chan, K.K. Intraperitoneal
5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine with escalating doses of leucovorin: pharmacology and
clinical tolerance.
Invest. New Drugs, 12:197-206, 1994.
36. Spears, C.P. Clinical resistance to
antimetabolites.
Hematol./Oncol.
Clin. N. Amer., 9:397-413, 1995.
37. Carlsson, G., Larsson, P-A., Frösing, R., Hafström, L-O.,
Spears, C.P., Peterson, A., and Gustavsson, B. 5-Fluorouracil sensitive
adenocarcinoma - A new experimental model in the rat.
Anticancer Res., 15:433-440, 1995.
38. Kundu, N.G., Mahanty,
J.S., Spears, C.P., Andrei, G., Snoek, R., Balzarini, J., and DeClercq, E.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of [E]-5-(2-acylvinyl)-2’-deoxyuridines and their
biological activities.
Bioorg. Medicinal Chem. Lett., 5:1627-1632, 1995.
39. Leichman, L., Lenz, H-J., Leichman, C.G., Groshen, S.,
Danenberg, K., Baranda, J., Spears, C.P., Boswell, W., Silberman, H., Ortega,
A., Stain, S., Beart, R., and Danenberg, P. Quantitation
of intratumoral thymidylate synthase expression
predicts for resistance to protracted infusion of 5-fluorouracil and weekly
leucovorin in disseminated colorectal cancers: preliminary report from an
ongoing trial.
Eur. J. Cancer, 31A:1306-1310, 1995.
40. Larsson, P-A., Carlsson, G.,
Gustavsson, B., Hafström, L-O., Peterson, A., and
Spears, C.P. Effects of 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate on rat colon tumour growth and biomodulation
of 5-fluorouracil.
Reg. Cancer Treat., 8:101-108, 1995.
41. Banerjee, D., Lenz, H-J., Schnieders,
B., Manno, D.J., Ju, J.F., Spears, C.P., Hochhauser, D., Danenberg, K.,
Danenberg, P., and Bertino, J.R. Transfection of wild-type but not mutant p53
induces early monocytic differentiation in HL60 cells and increases their sensitivity
to stress.
Cell Growth & Differ., 6:1405-1413, 1995.
42. Carlsson, G., Gustavsson, B., Frösing, R., Odin, E., Hafström,
L-O., Spears, C.P., and Larsson, P-A. Antitumour
effects of pure diastereoisomers of
5-formyltetrahydrofolate in hepatic transplants of a rodent colon carcinoma
model.
Biochem. Pharmacol.,
50:1347-1351, 1995.
43. Kundu, N.G., Mahanty,
J.S., Spears, C.P., Andrei, G., Snoeck, R., Balzarini, J.,DeClerque,E.,
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of (E)-5-(2-acylvinyl)-2'-deoxyuridines and their
antiviral and cytotoxic activities.
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 5:1627-1632, 1995.
44. Spears, C.P., Carlsson, G., Muggia,
F.M., Waugh, W., Jaresko, G., and Gustavsson, B.G.
Aspects of one-carbon folate cycling related to fluoropyrimidine and antifolate
therapy.
Cancer Treat. Res. 78: 115-134, 1995.
45. Bicknell-Johnson, M., and Spears, C.P.
Classes of identities for the generalized Fibonacci numbers Gn
= Gn-1 + Gn-c from matrices with constant valued
determinants.
Fibonacci Quarterly 34.3:121-128, 1996.
46. Larsson, P.-A., Carlsson, G.,
Gustavsson, B, and Spears, C.P. Thymidylate synthase in advanced
gastrointestinal and breast cancers.
Acta Oncol. 35:469-472,1996.
47. Kundu, N.G., Mahanty,
J.S., Unusual cytotoxicities of 5-(acylethynyl)-1-(2-hydroxy-ethoxy)methyl
uracils.
Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 6:1497-1502, 1996.
48. Das, P., Spears, C.P., Shahinian,
A.H., Dasgupta, S.K., and Kundu, N.G. Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of some
biologically-active 5,6-disubstituted uracils.
Biorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 6: 2477-2480, 1996.
49. Quan, W.D.Y., Jr., Dean, G.E., Spears,
L., Spears, C.P., Groshen, S., Merritt, J.A., and
Mitchell, M.A. Active Specific Immunotherapy of Metastatic Melanoma with
Anti-Idiotype Vaccine: A Phase I/II Trial of I-Mel-2 Plus SAF-m.
J. Clin. Oncol. 15: 2103-2110, 1997.
50. Carlsson, G., Odin, E., P-A. Larsson, Frösing, R., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B., Phase I-II
study of weekly 5-fluorouracil and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate
in patients with advanced gastrointestinal and breast cancer
Cancer J. 10: 266-273, 1997.
51. Frösing, R., Gustavsson, B., Carlsson, G.,
Larsson, P-A., Odin, E., and Spears, C.P. Decreases in FdUMP
ligand-binding sites in normal liver and adenocarcinoma in patients receiving
various folates.
Reg. Cancer Treat., 1997.
52. Odin, E., Carlsson, G., Frösing, R., Gustavsson, B., Spears, C.P., and Larsson,
P.A. Chemical stability and human plasma pharmacokinetics of reduced folates.
Cancer Invest. 16(7):447-455, 1998.
53. Spears,C.P.,
S-I Kang, N.G. Kundu, T. Shamma, and G.A. Olah. Swain-Scott constants and
alkylating agent drug design.
Current Topics Medicinal Chem. 2:85-100, 1997.
54. Carlsson, G., Hafström,
L-O, and Spears, C.P., Gustavsson, B., and Larsson, P.A 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
and 5,10-methylene tetrahydrofolate (CH2FH4) as adjuvant therapy in an
experimental colon carcinoma in rats.
Anticancer Res.17(5A):3671-3674, 1997.
55. Yang, L., Chiang, Y., Lenz, H.J.,
Danenberg, K.D., Spears, C,P., Gordon, E.M., Anderson, W.F., and Parekh, D.
Intercellular communication mediates the bystander effect during herpes simplex
thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-based gene therapy of human gastrointestinal tumor
cells.
Hum. Gene Ther. 9:719-728, 1998.
56. Spears, C.P., and Bicknell-Johnson, M.
Asymmetric cell division: Binomial identities for age analysis of mortal and
immortal trees.
Fibonacci Numbers and their Applications 7: 377-391, 1998.
57. Ju, J.F., Banerjee, D., Lenz, H.J., Danenberg, K.D., Schmittgen,
T.C., Spears, C.P., Schonthal, A.H., Manno, D.J., Hochhauser, D., Bertino, J.R., and Danenberg,
P.V. Restoration of wild-type p53 activity in p53-null HL-60 cells confers
multidrug sensitivity.
Clin. Cancer Res. 4(5):1315-1322, 1998.
58. Kundu, N.G., Mahanty,
J.S., Chowdhury, C., Dasgupta, S.K., Das, B., Spears, C.P., Balzarini, J., and
De Clerq, E. 5-(Acylethynyl)uracils, 5-(acylethynyl)-2'-deoxyuridines
and 5-(acylethynyl)-1-(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyluracils. Their synthesis, antiviral and cytotoxic
activities.
Eur. J. Medicinal Chem. 34(5):389-398, 1999.
59. Williams-Hill, D.M., Spears, C.P.,
Parkash, S., Olah, G.A., Shamma, T., Moin, T., Kim, L.Y.,and Hill, C.K. Mutagenicity studies of methy-tert-butyl ether (MTBE)
using the Ames tester strain TA102
Mutation Res. 446:15-21, 1999.
60. Yazan, O., Spears, C.P., Carlsson, G.,
Gustavsson, B., Ingram, M.L., and Gruia, G. Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Ki-67
expression in tumor cells of patients with advanced colon cancer randomized to
irinotecan (CPT-11) vs. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Annals of Oncology (11):54,
2000.
61. Garcia, A.A, Muggia, F.M., Spears,
C.P., Jeffers, S., Silberman, H., Pujari, M., Koda, R.T. Phase I and
pharmacologic study of i.v. hydroxyurea infusion
given with i.p. 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine and
leucovorin.
Anticancer Drugs 12(6):505-511, 2001.
62. Odin, E., Wettergren, Y., Nilsson, S.,
Willen, R., Carlsson, G., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B. Altered gene
expression of folate enzymes in adjacent mucosa is associated with outcome of
colorectal cancer patients.
Clin. Cancer Res. 9(16):6012-6019, 2004.
63. Spears, C.P., Bicknell-Johnson, M.,
and Yan, J.J. Fibonacci Phyllotaxis by Asymmetric Cell Division: Zeckendorf and Wythoff Trees.
Congressus Numerantium 201:
257-272, 2009.
64. Bicknell-Johnson, M. and Spears, C.P.
Lucas Quotient Lemmas.
Congressus Numerantium 201:
273-275, 2009.
65. Bicknell-Johnson, M. and Spears, C.P.
Hexahexaflexagons: a Mathematical Ramble.
Aportaciones Matimaticas
Investigation 20: 61-70, 2011. \
66. Bicknell-Johnson, M. and Spears, C.P.
The Golden Ratio in Classical Maya Architecture.
Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Fibonacci Numbers and
their Applications, Eszterhay College, Eger, Hungary,
June 26, 2012.
67. Verstovsek S, Mersa RA, Gotlib J, … Spears, C.P et al. Efficacy, Safety,
and Survival with Ruxolitinib in Patients with
Myelofibrosis: Results of a Median 3 - years follow up of COMFORT-I. Haematologica.
2015 Apr;100(4):479-88.
68. Vannucchi AM, Kantarjian HM, Kiladjian JJ,
…Spears C.P et al. A Pooled Analysis of Overall Survival in COMFORT-I and
COMFORT-II, 2 Randomized Phase III Trials of Ruxolitinib
for the Treatment of Myelofibrosis. Haematologica.
2015 Sep;100(9): 1139-45.
Miscellaneous Publications
1. Spears,
C.P. Thymidylate synthetase inhibition in Peyton adenocarcinoma xenografts following bolus
5-fluorouracil.
Exerpta
Med. Int. Congr.
Series,
647:12-19, 1984.
2. Spears, C.P.
Management of the Patient with Paraneoplasia. Hospital
of the Good Samaritan Manual, Hematology-Oncology Unit, 1984,
pp. 1-118.
3. Spears, C.P., Ray,
M.,
Granger, S.,
Diasio, R.B.,
and Gustavsson,
B.G. Dual role of serine hydroxymethyltransferase in the synergy of fluorouracil
and
leucovorin: effects of L-serine and glycine on
H4PteGlu/5,10-CH2-H4PteGlu ratios;
and H4PteGlu-catalyzed release of
fluoride ion from alpha!fluoro!beta-alanine.
IN:
Pteridines and Folic Acid Derivatives (H.Ch.
Curtius,
S. Ghisla
and N. Blau, eds.), Walter
de Gruyter, Berlin, 1990.
4. Alaverdian,
A., Spears, C.P., Kang, S-I., and Shahinian, A.H.
High nitrogen and low
sulfur selectivities of alkyl
aryl selenones and activities against drug!resistant tumor cell
lines. USC Undergrad.
J., 2: (1992).
5. Spears,
C.P., and Danenberg,
P.V. Thymidylate synthase pharmacodynamics; Minutes of the NCI
Phase
I Working Group, NCI,
CTEP,
DCT.
Bethesda,
MD,
October 27
and 28, pp 87-109,
1993.
6. Spears, C.
P.,
Thyroid Cancer,
IN:
The
Complete Cancer
Survival Guide, by
P. Teely and P.
Bashe, Doubleday Books, May, 2000.
7. Spears, C.
P. Writers
Block and A Song of Fertility. Poems in: Writers Talk, Monthly
Newsletter of South Bay Writers Club. 21(6):10,11, 2014.
8. Spears, C.P. Parallel,
and Our. Poems in: Writers Talk, Monthly Newsletter
of South Bay Club 22 (4): 11, 2014.
9. Spears, C. P. Photo
credit. Dedication to Herta Taussig Freitag, Fibonacci Quarterly 34 (5): 467,
1996.
10. Hyatt, K.H., Sullivan,
R.W., Spears, C.P., and Vetter W.R. A Study of ventricular contractility and
other parameters possibly related to vasodepressor syncope.
US Public Health Service Hospital, San Francisco. NASA CR
T-81035, pp.1-35, 1973.
Patents
1. Spears,
C.P. Tumor Growth Measurement
Device.
U.S. Patent 4,131,998. Jan
2, 1979.
2. Spears,
C.P. Biopsy Retriever.
U.S. Patent 5, 133,
360. July 28, 1992.
3. Spears,
C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G.
Use
of 5,10-Methylene-tetrahydrofolate as a Modulator
of a
Chemotherapeutic Agent.
U.S. Patent 5, 376,650. December 27,
1994.
4. Spears,
C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G.
Use
of 5,10-Methylene-tetrahydrofolate as a Modulator
of a
Chemotherapeutic Agent
(Continuation in Part) U.S.
Patent
5,534,519. July 9,
1996.
5. Spears,
C.P., and Kang, S!I. 2-Chloroethyl
Aryl
Selenones against Alkylating Agent
Resistant Cancer
Cells.
U.S. Patent 5,614,562. March 25,
1997.
6. Spears,
C.P., Gustavsson, G., and Carlsson, G.
5,10-Methylene-tetrahydrofolate as a Modulator
of a
Chemotherapeutic Agent,
Canadian Patent Application 2,082,881,
Notice of
Allowance March 16,
2004.
7. Spears, C.P. and Brower, S.P. System and
Method for Evaluating Tumor Stability.
U.S.Patent
11,908,154 issued 02/20/2024.
8. Spears, C.P. and Brower, S.P. Transparent
Tumor Size Measuring Ruler. US Design Patent
Application 29833158. April1, 2022.
9. Spears, C.P. and Brower, S.P. System and
Method for Evaluating Tumor Stability.
Files November 17, 2023. Publication US-2024-0138707-A1 May 2, 2024.
Selected Abstracts
1. Heidelberger, C.,
and Spears,
C.P. Determinants of
sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU): new ultrasensitive assays for
5-fluorodeoxyuridylate (FdUMP), deoxyuridylate
(dUMP),
and thymidylate synthetase (TS).
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer
Res.,
20:63, 1979.
2. Spears, C.P., Shahinian,
A.H., and Heidelberger, C.
Relationship between 5-fluorouracil
(5-FU)
chemotherapeutic efficacy and thymidylate synthetase (TS) inhibition in murine colon carcinomas. Proc.
Am.
Assoc.
Cancer Res., 22:206, 1981.
3. Spears,
C.P., Gustavsson, B.G.,
Berne, M., and Heidelberger,
C. Thymidylate synthetase inhibition by
5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
treatment
of human gastrointestinal malignancies: dump/&FdUMP ratio as a determinant.
Proc. Am.
Assoc.
Cancer Res., 24:133, 1983.
4. Spears, C.P., Gustavsson,
B.G., Leissner, K.H.
and Danenberg, P.V.
Parameters of
thymidylate
synthetase (TS)
inhibition in bladder carcinoma after
intravesical
5-fluorouracil
(5-FU) combined with
systemic allopurinol
protection.
Proc. Am.
Assoc.
Cancer Res., 25:166, 1984.
5. Gustavsson, B.G., Berne, M., Frösing, R., and Spears,
C.P. Thymidylate synthetase inhibition in
dimethylhydrazine!induced rat
colon carcinoma after
sequential methotrexate/5-fluorouracil
administration.
Proc. Am.
Assoc.
Cancer Res., 26:241, 1985.
6. Spears, C.P., Danenberg, P.V., and Gustavsson,
B. Intracellular
biochemical
pharmacodynamics as a clinical
approach to drug sensitivity testing of
solid tumors.
Eur. Conf. Clin. Oncol., 3:43, 1985.
7. Spears, C.P., Berne,
M.H., and
Gustavsson, B.G. Lack of
heterogeneity in pharmacodynamic studies of
gastrointestinal tumors treated with 5-fluorouracil.
Int. Cancer
Congr.
XIV,
1986.
8. Spears, C.P., Frösing,
R., and Gustavsson, B.G.
Intracellular
pharmacodynamics of
5-fluorouracil in
tumors and normal
tissues.
Proc. Am.
Soc. Clin. Oncol.,
5:1986.
9. Kang, S-I., and Spears, C.P. Selenium Mustards: reactivity correlations
in a new class of cytotoxic alkylating agents.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 27:1106, 1986.
10. Schwartz, J., Alberts,
D., Einspahr, J., Peng, Y-M., and Spears, P. Dipyridamole potentiation of FUDR
activity against human colon cancer in vitro and in patients.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 6:325, 1987.
11. Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G. Deoxyuridylate!fluorodeoxyuridylate competition for binding to
bacterial thymidylate synthase at low folate concentrations.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 28:321, 1987.
12. Spears, C.P., Gustavsson, B.G., and Frösing, R.
Serial tumor biopsy analysis of 5-FU/leucovorin. Int. Conf. Regional Cancer
Ther., Ulm & Donau, 1987.
13. Spears, C.P.,
Gustavsson, B.G., Carlsson, G., and Frösing, R.
Fluorouracil& leucovorin pharmacodynamics: determination by serial biopsy.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 29:186, 1988.
14. Spears, C.P.,
Gustavsson, B.G., Carlsson, G., Frösing, R., Waugh,
W., Leichman, C.G., and Muggia, F.M. Activation of leucovorin to
methylenetetrahydrofolate for improving thymidylate synthase inhibition after
5-FU: effects of CF dose, L-serine, L-glutamate, and direct
methyl-tetrahydrofolate administration.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 8:69, 1989.
15. Kang, S-I., and
Spears, C.P. Organoselenones: alkylation by selenium-carbon bond breakage.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 30:459, 1989.
16. Kang, S-I., and
Spears, C.P. Linear free energy relationships and cytotoxicities
of para!substituted
2!haloethylaryl selenides and
bis-(2-chloroethyl) selenides.
Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat.,
7:109, 1988.
17. Leichman, G.,
Leichman, L., Rosen, P., Spears, C.P., et al. Biologic modification of
continuous low-dose infusion of 5-fluorouracil by low-dose leucovorin.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 8:73, 1989.
18. Spears, C.P. Multiple
roles of serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) in
the modulation of fluorouracil by leucovorin: correlation of high H4PteGlu
levels with response; and SHMT inhibition and fluoride ion production by alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL).
Int. Symp. Pteridines and Folic Acid
Derivatives, 9:138, 1989.
19. Spears, C.P., Granger,
S., Ray, M., Carlsson, G., Gustavsson, B.G. Tetrahydrofolate (FH4)-mediated
fluoride ion (F-) production by serine hydroxymethyltransferase
(SHMT) processing of FBAL.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 31:396, 1990.
20. Spears, C.P., Waugh,
W., Leichman, L., Leichman, C.G., Jeffers, S., Gustavsson, B.G., and Muggia,
F.M. Salvage therapy of breast cancer with fluorouracil (5-FU) and high!dose leucovorin
(LV): response correlations with tumor pharmacodynamics.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol.,
9:, 1990.
21. Leichman, L.,
Silberman, H., Leichman, C., Laine, L., Ramos, H., Spears, P., and Jeffers, S.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) followed by
postoperative intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 9:109, 1990.
22. Leichman C., Leichman,
L., Spears, C.P., Jeffers, S., Chavez, J., Groshen,
S., Waugh, W., and Rosen, P. Phase II study of protracted infusion 5!fluorouracil (5-FU) with weekly leucovorin (LV) in
disseminated, measurable adenocarcinoma of the large bowel. Proc. Am. Soc.
Clin. Oncol., 9:129, 1990.
23. Leichman, C.G.,
Leichman, L., Spears, C.P., Rosen, P., and Jeffers, S. Phase II study of
prolonged infusion 5-fluorouracil (PIFU) with weekly leucovorin (LV) in
disseminated colorectal cancer (CRC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 10:143,
1991.
24. Spears, C.P.,
Carlsson, G., Leichman, C.G., Gustavsson, B.G., and Leichman, L. Folated-mediated thymidylate synthase (TS) pharmacodynamics
(PD): Effect of modulators of fluoropyrimidine therapy.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 10:118, 1991.
25. Spears, C.P. Aqueous,
in vitro method for determination of linear free energy relationship (LFER)
parameters such as Swain-Scott constants in the kinetics of alkylating agents,
in reactions with model nucleophiles.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 32:434, 1991.
26. Tulpule, A., Chan, K.,
Muggia, F.M., Spears, C.P., Spicer, D., and Jeffers, S. Uracil (U) + Ftorafur (FT): Pharmacokinetic profile of an orally active
5-fluorouracil (FU) prodrug.
Clin. Res., 1991.
27. Muggia, F.M., Chan,
K., Tulpule, A., Shahinian, A., Retzios, A., Spears,
C.P., Leichman, L., and Jeffers, S. Intraperitoneal (IP) floxuridine
(FUDR)+(d,l)-leucovorin
(LV): results of pharmacologic studies with LV dose-escalation.
Clin. Res., 1991.
28. Spicer, D., Muggia,
F., Tulpule, A., Chan, K., Leichman, G., Spears, P., and Jeffers, S. Phase I
circadian dosing of daily oral uracil (U) plus
l-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-5-fluorouracil (FT) with leucovorin (LV).
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 10:118, 1991.
29. Spears, C.P.,
Carlsson, G., Shahinian, A.H., Gustavsson, B.G., and Frösing, R. Pharmacologic (6R,S)-tetrahydrofolate
(FH4): synergy with fluorouracil (FUra) by increased thymidylate synthase (TS)
inhibition, decreased methylene units, andpromotion
of unbalanced growth.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 33:264, 1992.
30. Spears, C.P.,
Leichman, C.G., Muggia, F.M., Retzios,
A., Imam, A., Kiyabu, M.Y., and Leichman, L. (l)-Leucovorin (l-LV) plus
infusion 5-FU: thymidylate synthase (TS) effects in tumor extracts and digital
image analysis quantitation.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 11:116, 1992.
31. Muggia, F.M., Jeffers,
J., Leichman, C.G., Tulpule, A., Hanisch, R., Fuerst, M., Spears, C.P., Wu,
X.Y., Chan, K., Spicer, D., and Leichman, L. Potential for uracil+ftorafur
(UFT) to mimic protracted infusions of 5-fluorouracil (FU).
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 11:135, 1992.
32. Spears, C.P., Su, S.,
Gustavsson, H., and Stevenson, L.A. Digital image analysis (DIA) of in situ
thymidylate synthase (TS) protein and mRNA message using a modular system for
RGB image processing.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 34:417, 1993.
33. Grunberg, S.M.,
Spears, C.P., Jelliffe, R.W., Zaretsky, S., Shahinian, A.H., Su, S., and
Tahani, B. Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of high-dose
edatrexate (EDX) with leucovorin (LV) rescue (Protocol NCI-T91-0077).
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 12:154, 1993.
34. Carlsson, G., Gustavsson, B.G., Hafström, L.O.,
and Spears, C.P. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) and methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2FH4)
as adjuvant therapy in an experimental colonic adenocarcinoma in rats.
18th Int. Congr. Chemother., Abstract No. 272, p. 168 of Proceedings,
Stockholm, 1993.
35. Kundu,
N.G., Mahanty, J.S., Dasgupta,
S.K., and Spears, C.P. Synthesis and biological activities of 5-(acylethynyl)uracils,
5-(2-acylvinyl)uracils and their corresponding
2-deoxyribonucleosides. Division of Medicinal Chemistry, 206th ACS National
Meeting, Chicago, IL, August 22!27, 1993.
36. Grunberg, S.M., Spears, C.P., Natale, R.,
Zaretsky, S., and Ashigawa, T. Phase I evaluation of
high-dose edatrexate (EDX) with leucovorin (LV) rescue.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 13:146, 1994.
37. Larsson, P-A.,
Carlsson, C., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B.G. 5,10-Methylene-tetrahydrofolate
(CH2FH4) effects on rat colon tumor growth and biomodulation of 5-fluorouracil
(FUra).
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 35:426, 1994.
38. Avramis,
V.I., Larson, G.P., Spears, C.P., Kwock, R., Nelson, P., Muthini, S., and
Rossi, J.J. Hammerhead ribozymes as anti-oncogene (N-myc)
biotherapeutic agents.
Proc. Genet. Revolution, p. 11, 1994.
39. Avramis,
V.I., Larson, G.P., Spears, C.P., Kwock, R., Nelson, P., Muthlnl,
S., and Rossi, J.J. Hammerhead ribozymes as anti-oncogene (N-myc) biotherapeutic agents.
Clin. Chem., 40:2336, 1994.
40. Muggia, F., Israel,
V., Pujari, M., Spears, C.P., Leichman, L., Leichman, C.G., Jeffers, S.,
Rogers, M., and Koda, R. Intraperitoneal (IP) floxuridine (FUDR) and leucovorin
(LV) with simultaneous 72h hydroxyurea (HU) IV infusion: pharmacology and
tolerance.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 36:241, 1995.
41. Periclou,
A.P., Spears, C.P., Grunberg, S.M., Lee, W.Y., Koda, R., and Avramis, V.I. Pharmacokinetic analyses of 10-edatrexate
following a Phase I short-term continuous infusion in patients with carcinomas.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 14:458, 1995.
42. Das, P., Kundu, N.G.,
Spears, C.P., and Su, S. Synthesis and biological activities of 6-(2-acylvinyl)
uracils.
Division of Medicinal Chemistry, 207th ACS
National Meeting, Anaheim, CA, April 2-6, 1995.
43. Carlsson, G., Frösing, R., Larsson, P-A., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson,
B.G. Fluorouracil (FU) plus 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate
((d,l)-CH2FH4): Phase I-II trial of weekly i.v. bolus therapy.
Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 14:469, 1995.
44. Koda, R., Parimoo, D., Spears, C.P., Israel, V., Jeffers, S., Rogers,
M., Leichman, L., Leichman, C.G., Pujari, M., and Muggia, F. Hydroxyurea (HU)
IV 72-hour infusion during intraperitoneal (IP) fluxouridine
(FUDR) and leucovorin (LV): pharmacologic/clinical
correlates.
Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 37:181, 1996.
45. Spears, C.P., Vergon, C., Polonsky, M., Masterson, M., Habboubi, N., Carlsson, C., Gustavsson, B.G., and the
Nordic Biomodulation Group, Phase I/II sequential trimetrexate/split-dose
fluorouracil therapy in advanced colorectal cancer.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 17: 1999.
46. Alvarez, E., Menon,
K., Bewley, J.R., Spears, C.P., Schultz, R.M., Teicher, B.A., Chen, V.J., and
Galbreath, E. Immunohistochemical detection of in vivo alteration of
thymidylate synthase levels in a human HCT116 colon carcinoma tumor xenograft
induced by the use of MTA (LY231514).
Clin. Cancer Res. 5 (Suppl. S):657, 1999.
47. Yazan, O., Spears,
C.P., Carlsson, G. Gustavsson, B., Ingram, M.L., and Gruia, G. Thymidylate
synthase (TS) and Ki-67 expression in tumor cells of patients with advanced
colon cancer randomized to irinotecan (CPT-11) vs. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU).
Ann. Oncol. 11 (Suppl.4):234P, 2000.
(Proceeding of the 25th ESMO Congress, 13-17 October, Hamburg, Germany.
48. Lenz, H, Iqbal, S., Groshen, S., Muggia, F.M., Tsao-Wei, D., Johnson , K.,
Spears, C.P., Gandara, D.R., Yen, Y., Doroshow, J.H.,
and Newman, E.M. Phase I study of sequency dependency of iv hydroxyurea (HU) in
combination with fluorouracil (5-FU).
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 20:95b, 2001.
49. Odin, E., Wettergren,
Y., Carlsson, G., Larsson, L., Spears, C.P., and Gustavsson, B. Gene Expression
Ratios of folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) and gamma-glutamyl hydrolase
(GGH) in colorectal carcinoma and paired normal mucosa.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 20: #359, 2001.
50. Gustavsson, B., Xiog, S., Salonga, D., Cooc, J.,
Danenberg, K., Carlsson, G., Odin, E., Spears, P., Lord, R.V., and Danenberg,
P.V. Inverse relation between DPD mRNA expression and response to 5FU/LV
therapy versus 5FU/5, 10, methylenetetrahydrofolate therapy for patients with
colorectal cancer.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 21:115a, 2002.
51. Spears, C.P.,
Carlsson, G., Odin, E., and Gustavsson, B. More rapid and complete thymidylate
synthase (TS) inhibition in tumors after 5-FU by methylene-tetrahydrofolate
(CH2FH4) preloading.
EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium, Frankfurt, Germany,
November, 2003. Eur. J. Cancer 38 (Suppl.7):S22, 2002.
52. Cantwell, M.J.,Spears, C.P., Robbins, J.M.
Antitumor activity of combination of
5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate,
5-fluorouracil, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor against human
colorectal HT-29 tumors in nude mice.
Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 22: 311s
(Abstract 3768), 2004.
53. Spears, C.P., Pineda,
R., Reid, T., Robbins, J., Habita, C., Pharmacodynamics of weekly intravenous
methylene-tetrahydrofolate/5-fluorouracil on formic acid, RBC folate, and
homocysteine levels in patients with metastatic colon cancer.
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2005.
54. Reid, T., Spears,
C.P., Quadro, R., Subramanian, L., Pawl, L., Jankovic, S., Jelic., N., Milinic, L., Muzikravic, L.,
Habita, C. A Simon 2 stage study of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic acid with 5-fluorouracil
as first line treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Proc. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 23: 293s
(Abstract 3692), 2005.
55. Reid, T., Spears,
C.P., Quadro, R., Subramanian, L., Pawl, L., Jankovic, S., Jelic., N., Milinic, L., Muzikravic, L., Robbins,
J. 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolic Acid with 5-fluorouracil as first line
treatment in metastatic colorectal cancer: Phase II study results.
(http://www.cpspears.com/publications/42nd-ASCO-annual-meeting.pdf)
Proc. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 24: 170s (Abstract
3699), 2006.
56. Reid, T., Spears,
C.P., Subramanian, M., Pawl, L., Jankovic, G., Jelic, S., Milinic,
N., Muzikravic., Stewart, J., Robbins, J.M. Response
to second line treatment following 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate acid (CoFactor) with 5-fluorouracil as first line treatment in
metastatic colorectal cancer.
Proc. 8th World Congress on Colon Cancer,
Barcelona, Spain, 2006.
57. Spears, C.P., Yan,
J.J., and Bicknell-Johnson, M. Modulo Fibonacci Model of Phyllotaxis. Am. Soc.
Cell Biol. 46th Ann Meeting, San Diego, p.62, 529 (B492), 2006.
58. Spears, C.P., Khine,
A., Nguyen, M.T. Bendamustine shows low Swain-Scott s-constant,
nucleophilic selectivity, a basis for
prolonged myelosuppression. EuroSciCon, Dublin,
Ireland, June 11-13, 2018. Archives Cancer Res. Vol.6.
59. Spears, C.P., and
Nguyen, M. Standardized Approach for Comparison of Therapeutic, Mutagenic, and
Environmental Alkylating Agents in Neutral Protic Media. 32nd Euro Congress
on Cancer Science & Therapy, March 07-08, 2019, Barcelona, Spain.
J. Cancer Sci. Ther. Vol.11:22-23,
2019.
60. Spears, C.P. and
Nguyen, M. Nucleophilic Selectivities of Aliphatic
Electrophile Candidates for
Swain-Scott Analysis: Fully Protic and Aqueous, Green Media, Including Hypoxia,
and Non-Nucleophilic Solvents. 17th Annual Congress of International
Drug Discovery Science & Technology, Kyoto Intl. Conf. Center, Japan, July
25-27, 2019, pp.222-223.